Thus, the life cycle can be completed in about 5 weeks. Spodoptera genus fall army worm taxonomy genus spodoptera. Michigan state universitys invasive species factsheets. The designation of true armyworm is reserved for pseudoletia unipunctata. S spodoptera frugiperda spodoptera frugiperda images courtesy of alton n. It has been recorded several times in the uk, and even though it has been intercepted at u. The egyptian cotton leafworm, spodoptera littoralis, is one of the most notorious and destructive pest for broad range of crops and vegetables in egypt ali and. The efsa panel on plant health plhp performed a pest categorisation of spodoptera litura lepidoptera. The reproductive capacity, egg facility and life span of moths are affected by the difference in ages between males and females.
Development and validation of realtime pcr tests for the. Candidate chemosensory genes in female antennae of the noctuid moth spodoptera littoralis. Noctuidae, is a major plant pest that causes substantial economic losses worldwide. The cotton leafworm, spodoptera littoralis boisduval lepidoptera. Spodoptera littoralis larvae damage many agricultural plants, particularly cotton. Potential insecticidal activity of sarocladium strictum. When azadirachtin was fed to lastinstar larvae, larvapupa intermediates were formed and the. It is a highly polyphagous organism that is a pest of many cultivated plants and crops. Larvae chew on plant leaves while adults often feed on nectar. Chatterjee 549 litura are replaced by valine, glutamic acid and serine in spodoptera littoralis. Headspace was released at 1800 ngh of the main compound dmnt.
Effectiveness of novaluron, chitin synthesis inhibitor, on. Colonization of the intestinal tract of the polyphagous. The ricecotton cutworm spodoptera litura is a polyphagous pest of over 100 different host. Various species are a problem in many parts of the world. Egyptian cottonworm spodoptera littoralis integrated pest. Due to its larvae consuming a wide range of vegetation, s. However, the generation period was longer than on other plants. Armyworm includes several species including the beet armyworm spodoptera exigua, fall armyworm s. The young larvae first to third instar feed in groups, leaving the opposite epidermis of the leaf intact.
Gray circles indicate which compounds are included in each blend. Enzymes of ecdysteroid transformation and inactivation in. In this study, we determined faw distribution, genetic diversity. Noctuidae on various host plants article pdf available in bulletin of entomological research 966. Spodoptera littoralis multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus splimnpv could thus be applied to protect plants against the african cotton leafworm. However, there are certain identification guidelines. The genus spodoptera, a group of armyworrns, includes serious worldwide pests of maize ortega 1974 and other crops lamb 1974. Spodoptera littoralis spodlioverview eppo global database.
In spain, italy and greece the insect can be found. This pest was first recorded in africa in 2016, but detailed information on its distribution and damage and farmers response in invaded areas are largely lacking. View spodoptera littoralis research papers on academia. Pdf survival strategies of enterococcus mundtii in the. Some key species, however, are as yet absent from the u. Inhibition of spodoptera frugiperda phenoloxidase activity.
In spain, italy and greece the insect can be found in numerous. Spodoptera littoralis, also referred to as the african cotton leafworm or egyptian cotton leafworm or mediterranean brocade, is a species of moth in the family noctuidae. Comparison of amino acid sequences of halloween genes in. Life cycle 3, 10 during the 2nd5th days following emergence, females lay about 2,500 eggs in egg masses of 200600 eggs on the leaves of the hostplant 4. Flight response of spodoptera littoralis females and males to sprayed cotton headspace, and synthetic blends using a piezoelectric sprayer in a flight tunnel assay. The spodoptera complex consists of important species that attack a wide variety of field and vegetable crops. In disembodied gene protein, alanine, valine and arginine in spodoptera lituraare replaced by valine, aspartic acid and glycine in spodoptera littoralis respectively. Establishment and characterization of three new embryonic. Maize farmers in subsaharan africa recently experienced unusual damage in their farms, attributed to the fall armyworm faw spodoptera frugiperda j. It is established in tropical and subtropical regions where there are. Bacteria with mutations affecting the rhabduscin synthesis. Spodoptera exigua is considered one of the worst agricultural pests worldwide. For this purpose three new continuous cell lines were established from embryonic tissues of s. Spodoptera littoralis boisduval is an important pest of cotton in southern europe, africa and the middle east hosny et al.
Pdf effects of the spodoptera littoralis granulovirus on the. Relationship between host plants and toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis formulation against common cutworm, spodoptera litura. Gooch as a part of michigan state university ipm program and. Insect pests are one of the main threats to agriculture causing about 20% of worlds crops loss annually. Each of these is attacked by an npv that is fairly specific, and isolates of several of. Life cycle adults can live for 8 to 10 days eggs hatch in 4 to 12 days larvae pass through six instars in about days after the mature larval stage. Spodoptera littoralis, also known as the african cotton leafworm, egyptian cotton leafworm or the mediterranean brocade, is native to africa and israel and widely found in both africa and the mediterranean europe. A small number of spodoptera species were discovered in the u. Our study divided the relatively long larval stage into earlyinstar and lateinstar stages. The threat of insect attack to crops has been noticed to be increased with the global warming maxmen, 20. This moth is found in asia, with some specific problematic pest population reports occurring in cambodia, hong kong, india, the pacific islands, guam, american.
Spodoptera littoralis and spodoptera litura 3 extra instar, and maturation may take up to 3 months. Frontiers flight attraction of spodoptera littoralis. Spodoptera littoralis can be distinguished from native species by a combination of valve characters. Spodoptera species 517 monitoring for exotic spodoptera species lepidoptera. Larvae of spodoptera littoralis, a lepidopteran pest which is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, have a tubelike gut structure containing a simple bacterial community. For the in vitro production of splimnpv a cellular system has to be established. Spodoptera exigua has no known positive economic importance to humans economic importance for humans. Effects of the spodoptera littoralis granulovirus on the development and reproduction of cotton leafworm s.
Most control strategies involve chemical insecticides, but this approach is becoming less attractive wang et al. The average life span from egg to adult is about 30 days. Smith, which causes about 38% to 60% loss in maize production bianco 1991. Tomato treatment with chemical inducers reduces the. Pest categorisation of spodoptera litura 2019 efsa. Spodoptera litura is also known as the oriental leafworm moth, cluster caterpillar, cotton leafworm, tobacco cutworm, tropical armyworm, taro caterpillar, tobacco budworm, rice cutworm, and cotton cutworm.
We evaluated the impact of bacterial rhabduscin synthesis on bacterial virulence and phenoloxidase inhibition in a spodoptera model. Eppo standards pm 71241 diagnostic protocol for spodoptera littoralis, spodoptera litura, spodoptera frugiperda, spodoptera eridania. In the midgut cytosol of lepidoptera, ecdysteroids undergo inactivation by transformation via the 3dehydro derivative to the corresponding 3epiecdysteroid 3 alphahydroxy and by phosphate conjugation. Candidate chemosensory genes in female antennae of the. Biodiversity and activity of the gut microbiota across the. Growth disruption, abnormalities and mortality of spodoptera littoralis. We first showed that the rhabduscin cluster of the entomopathogenic bacterium xenorhabdus nematophila was not necessary for virulence in the larvae of spodoptera littoralis and spodoptera frugiperda.
Spodoptera littoralis valent biosciences biorational. Therefore, two compartments of longevity could be observed in the present study. The oxygendependent oxidase catalyses formation of 3dehydroecdysteroid, which can be reduced either irreversibly by 3dehydroecdysone 3 alphareductase to 3epiecdysteroid, or by 3. General information about spodoptera littoralis spodli name language. M eagher 1, j ulieta b rambila 2 and e dward h ung 3 1 usdaars center for medical, agricultural and veterinary entomology, 1700 sw 23 rd drive, gainesville, fl 32608 2 usdaaphisppq, p. The key role of environmental colloids nanoparticles for the sustainability of life.
In addition, we track the transmission route of the bacteria through all stages of the life cycle of s. Egyptian cotton leaf worm geographical distribution. Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the life cycle of the cotton leafworm spodoptera littoralis boisd. Spodoptera littoralis valent biosciences biorational crop. Armyworm valent biosciences biorational crop protection. In spain, italy and greece the insect can be found in numerous greenhouse crops including tomato, pepper and melon. The hourly activity of spodoptera littoralis moths during the night as indicated by light trap catches. Interaction of the koinobiont parasitoid microplitis. Extensive host plant range including ornamentals, vegetables, fruits and row crops. The life cycle and development of the different stages are identical to those described by fye al. In egypt, the cotton leaf worm spodoptera littoralis boisd. Later, the 4th to 6th instar larvae disperse and spend the day in the ground under the host plant, feeding at night and early in the. Spodoptera littoralis is native to africa, the middle east and the mediterranean countries of europe. Spodoptera littoralis boisduval is a evere summer pest.
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